Python Cheat Sheet

Basics

Basic syntax from the python programming language

Showing Output To User

the print function is used to display or print output print("Content that you wanna print on screen")

Taking Input From User

the input function is used to take input from the user var1 = input("Enter your name: ")

Empty List

This method allows you to create an empty list my_list = []

Empty Dictionary

By putting two curly braces, you can create a blank dictionary my_dict = {} Range Function range function returns a sequence of numbers, eg, numbers starting from 0 to n-1 for range(0, n) range(int_value)

Comments

Comments are used to make the code more understandable for programmers, and they are not executed by compiler or interpreter.
Single line comment #This is a single line comment Multi-line comment '''This is a multi-line comment'''

Escape Sequence

An escape sequence is a sequence of characters; it doesn't represent itself when used inside string literal or character.

Newline

Newline Character \n

Backslash

It adds a backslash \\

Single Quote

It adds a single quotation mark \'

Tab

It gives a tab space \t

Backspace

It adds a backspace \b

Octal value

It represents the value of an octal number \ooo

Hex value

It represents the value of a hex number \xhh

Carriage Return

Carriage return or \r is a unique feature of Python. \r will just work as you have shifted your cursor to the beginning of the string or line. \r

Strings

Python string is a sequence of characters, and each character can be individually accessed. Using its index. You can create Strings by enclosing text in both forms of quotes - single quotes or double-quotes. variable_name = "String Data"

Slicing

Slicing refers to obtaining a sub-string from the given string var_name[n : m]

String Methods isalnum() method

Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric string_variable.isalnum()

isalpha() method

Returns True if all characters in the string are alphabet string_variable.isalpha()

isdecimal() method

Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals string_variable.isdecimal()

isdigit() method

Returns True if all characters in the string are digits string_variable.isdigit()

islower() method

Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case string_variable.islower()

isspace() method

Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces string_variable.isspace()

isupper() method

Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case string_variable.isupper()

lower() method

Converts a string into lower case string_variable.lower()

upper() method

Converts a string into upper case string_variable.upper()

strip() method

It removes leading and trailing spaces in the string string_variable.strip()

List

A List in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data type between square brackets. var_name = [element1, element2, and so on]

List Methods index method

Returns the index of the first element with the specified value list.index(element)

append method

Adds an element at the end of the list list.append(element)

extend method

Add the elements of a list (or any iterable) to the end of the current list list.extend(iterable)

insert method

Adds an element at the specified position list.insert(position, element)

pop method

Removes the element at the specified position and returns it list.pop(position)

remove method

The remove( ) method removes the first occurrence of a given item from the list list.remove(element)

clear method

Removes all the elements from the list list.clear()

count method

Returns the number of elements with the specified value list.count(value)

reverse method

Reverse the order of the list list.reverse()

sort method

Sorts the list list.sort(reverse=True|False)

Tuples

Tuples are represented as a list of comma-separated values of any data type within parentheses.

Tuple Creation

variable_name = (element1, element2, ...)

Tuple Methods count method

It returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple tuple.count(value)

index method

It searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position. tuple.index(value)

Sets

A set is a collection of multiple values which is both unordered and unindexed. It is written in curly brackets.
Set Creation: Way 1 var_name = {element1, element2, ...} Set Creation: Way 2 var_name = set([element1, element2, ...])

Set Methods: add() method

Adds an element to a set set.add(element)

clear() method

Remove all elements from a set set.clear()

discard() method

Removes the specified item from the set set.discard(value)

intersection() method

Returns intersection of two or more sets set.intersection(set1, set2 ... etc)

issubset() method

Checks if a Set is Subset of Another Set set.issubset(set)

pop() method

Removes an element from the set set.pop()

remove() method

Removes the specified element from the Set set.remove(item)

union() method

Returns the union of Sets set.union(set1, set2...)

Dictionaries

The dictionary is an unordered set of comma-separated key: value pairs, within {}, with the requirement that within a dictionary, no two keys can be the same. Dictionary <dictionary-name> = {<key>: value, <key>: value ...}

Adding Element to a dictionary

By this method, one can add new elements to the dictionary <dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

Updating Element in a dictionary

If the specified key already exists, then its value will get updated <dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

Deleting Element from a dictionary

del let to delete specified key: value pair from the dictionary del <dictionary>[<key>]

Dictionary Functions & Methods len() method

It returns the length of the dictionary, i.e., the count of elements (key: value pairs) in the dictionary len(dictionary)

clear() method

Removes all the elements from the dictionary dictionary.clear()

get() method

Returns the value of the specified key dictionary.get(keyname)

items() method

Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pair dictionary.items()

keys() method

Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys dictionary.keys()

values() method

Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary dictionary.values()

update() method

Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs dictionary.update(iterable)

Conditional Statements

The if statements are the conditional statements in Python, and these implement selection constructs (decision constructs).

if Statement

if(conditional expression): statements

if-else Statement

if(conditional expression): statements else: statements

if-elif Statement

if (conditional expression) : statements elif (conditional expression) : statements else : statements

Nested if-else Statement

if (conditional expression): if (conditional expression): statements else: statements else: statements

Iterative Statements

An iteration statement, or loop, repeatedly executes a statement, known as the loop body, until the controlling expression is false (0).

For Loop

The for loop of Python is designed to process the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string, one by one. for <variable> in <sequence>: statements_to_repeat

While Loop

A while loop is a conditional loop that will repeat the instructions within itself as long as a conditional remains true. while <logical-expression> : loop-body

Break Statement

The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A break statement terminates the very loop it lies within. for <var> in <sequence> : statement1 if <condition> : break statement2 statement_after_loop

Continue Statement

The continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and causes the next iteration to occur. for <var> in <sequence> : statement1 if <condition> : continue statement2 statement3 statement4

Functions

A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. You can pass parameters into a function. It helps us to make our code more organized and manageable. Function Definition def my_function(parameters): # Statements

File Handling

File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Python provides some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files.

open() function

var_name = open("file name", "opening mode")

close() function

var_name.close()

Read () function

The read functions contains different methods, read(),readline() and readlines() read() #return one big string read-lines() #It returns a list of lines readline() #It returns one line at a time

Write () function

This function writes a sequence of strings to the file. write () #Used to write a fixed sequence of characters to a file writelines() #It is used to write a list of strings

Append () function

The append function is used to append to the file instead of overwriting it. To append to an existing file, simply open the file in append mode (a): file = open("Hello.txt", "a")

Exception Handling

An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the flow of the program.

try and except

A basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error, the control goes to the except block. try: [Statement body block] raise Exception() except Exception as e: [Error processing block]

OOPS

It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and classes. The objects can be any real-world entities.

class

The syntax for writing a class in python class class_name: #Statements

class with a constructor

The syntax for writing a class with the constructor in python class Coderindeed: # Default constructor def __init__(self): self.name = "Coderindeed" # A method for printing data members def print_me(self): print(self.name)

object

Instantiating an object <object-name> = <class-name>(<arguments>)

filter function

The filter function allows you to process an iterable and extract those items that satisfy a given condition filter(function, iterable)

issubclass function

Used to find whether a class is a subclass of a given class (classinfo) or not issubclass(class, classinfo)

Iterators and Generators

Here are some of the advanced topics of the Python programming language like iterators and generators

Iterator

Used to create an iterator over an iterable iter_list = iter(['rohan', 'Aakash', 'deepak']) print(next(iter_list)) print(next(iter_list)) print(next(iter_list))

Generator

Used to generate values on the fly # A simple generator function def my_gen(): n = 1 print('This is printed first') # Generator function contains yield statements yield n n += 1 print('This is printed second') yield n n += 1 print('This is printed at last') yield n

Decorators

Decorators are used to modifying the behavior of function or class. They are usually called before the definition of a function you want to decorate.

property Decorator (getter)

@property def name(self): return self.__name

setter Decorator

It is used to set the property 'name' @name.setter def name(self, value): self.__name=value

Deletor Decorator

It is used to delete the property 'name' @name.deleter #property-name.deleter decorator def name(self, value): print('Deleting..') del self.__name